A HISTORY OF THE BREADFRUIT IN JAMAICA AND ITS USES IN JAMAICAN CUISINE
The breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) was first brought to Jamaica in 1793 by Captain William Bligh of the ship, HMS Bounty. It arrived in the island during the era of enslavement on the plantations to fill the need for cheap, high-energy food for the enslaved population on the plantations in the British colonies.
The colonial administrators and plantation owners wanted the breadfruit plant to be brought to the Caribbean. Bligh was ordered to proceed to Tahiti in the South Pacific to collect the seedless breadfruit plants. He transported them to Jamaica, won the Royal Society medal for securing the plant, and delivered specimens to Bath Botanical Gardens in St. Thomas, and Bluefields in Westmoreland.
However, the introduction of the breadfruit to the island was not a success as most of the enslaved population refused to eat the new food. Therefore, for the first 50 years, it was used to feed pigs. Over time, the fruit was introduced slowly across the island and its popularity grew. Today, it is regarded as one of Jamaica’s favourite foods.
Uses in Jamaican Cuisine
The breadfruit tree is very popular in many Jamaican backyards. The fruit is sold in the local markets and supermarkets islandwide. It is a nutritious meal, with 100 grams containing 27 grams of carbohydrates, 70 grams of water, as well as protein, fibre, vitamins, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorous.
When the breadfruit is cooked, it has the consistency of a potato, and the taste is sometimes described as a cross between a potato and a plantain. It is a staple in the diet of many Jamaicans and can be eaten at breakfast, lunch, dinner, and as a snack. It can also be served as a substitute for rice.
Traditionally, the breadfruit is boiled in soups. A few slices of the young breadfruit added to soups give ‘body’ to the meal. The ‘fit’ (slightly ripe) breadfruit, when boiled, is soft enough to be mashed like a potato and eaten with butter. The Ettu community in Hanover uses the breadfruit to make fufu – a pounded, starchy side dish which is usually served with stews. Breadfruit can also be roasted on the stove top, in the oven, or on wood coal. The ripe or slightly ripe breadfruit (especially the “yellow heart” variety) is ideal for roasting.
Breadfruit can also be fried, pickled, or juiced. It is usually eaten with the national dish – ackee and salt fish – or used in salads, or as a side dish.
Today, the uses of the breadfruit in Jamaican cuisine are wide and varied. The fruit is now being used to make chips, porridge, dumplings, salads, fritters, cakes, and puddings, as well as products such as breadfruit tea, flatbread, nutrition bars, breadfruit cake, breadfruit pudding, breadfruit cookies, breadfruit chips, breadfruit flour, breadfruit fudge, pasta and breadfruit bread. Breadfruit flour is gluten-free and can be used to make pancakes, rock cakes, bread, porridge, muffins, smoothies and bun.
THE JAMAICAN COAT OF ARMS
The Jamaican Coat of Arms is adorned with a shield that bears a red cross with five golden pineapples superimposed on it. On either side of the cross are a male and female Taino. A Jamaican alligator forms the crest which sits on top of the Royal Helmet and Mantling. The National Motto – Out of Many, One People – which was adopted when Jamaica gained Independence, is at the bottom.
The Original Coat of Arms
The modern Jamaican Coat of Arms is a variation of the original version which was granted to the island in 1661when Jamaica was an English colony. While considering what might be an appropriate form for a State Arms for an independent nation, both the Government and the Opposition agreed, in principle, that the existing Arms, granted to Jamaica in 1661 under Royal Warrant and partially revised in 1957, constituted “a badge of great historical significance to the Nation and should be retained”.
William Sancroft designed the original Arms in 1661 and subsequently the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1678. The use of the Royal Helmet and Mantling together is a unique distinction accorded to Jamaica.
The original Latin motto of the colony was Indus Uterque Serviet Uni, which translated into English means ‘The Indians twain shall serve one Lord’. Theodore Sealy, who was Chairman of the Independence Committee which chose the national symbols, proffered the version: ‘Both Arawaks, male and female, serve one nation’. The Latin motto was changed to one in English: ‘Out of Many, One People’.
The use of the Coat of Arms is not permitted without official sanction from the office of the Prime Minister.
EVENTS LEADING TO THE MORANT BAY REBELLION OF 1865
Emancipation on August 1, 1838 was followed by years of hardship for the ex-slaves and financial struggles for the plantation owners due mainly to poor estate management. Also, the decline in the price of sugar made production unprofitable, so some planters sold their estates and many who worked on the sugar plantations lost their jobs.
In 1864, Edward Eyre was made Governor of Jamaica. He was unsympathetic towards the poor who were constantly being arrested for petty offences, and planters and ex-slave owners were cruel to them.
HOW NATIONAL HEROES GEORGE WILLIAM GORDON AND PAUL BOGLE PLAYED THEIR ROLES IN THE REBELLION
George William Gordon 
was a Justice of the Peace in St. Thomas who showed interest in and sympathy for the poor. He was educated and a very rich businessman. He realised that the people needed justice in the courts and doctors to care for them, so he reported the matter to Governor Eyre who did nothing to resolve the plight of the poor but rather removed Gordon as Justice of the Peace. However, Gordon still maintained his goal to help the poor, and he ran in an election and won a seat in the House of Assembly.
Paul Bogle, a farmer and deacon in the Native Baptist Church, was also concerned about the hardships experienced by the people. He, along with sympathisers of the 
Native Baptist movement, supported Gordon in his campaign to win his seat in the Assembly.
As leader of a group in Stony Gut, St. Thomas, Bogle wanted to air the grievances of the poor to Governor Eyre, but was refused an airing. He decided to take matters in hand and began to train persons for combat, and led a riot on October 11, 1865 that resulted in the Custos of the parish being killed and the Morant Bay Courthouse being burnt to the ground.
Governor Eyre sent government troops to hunt down the poorly armed rebels and the Maroons captured Bogle and brought him back to Morant Bay for trial. The troops met with no organised resistance, but regardless, they killed Blacks indiscriminately, most of whom had not been involved in the riot or rebellion. In the end, 439 Black Jamaicans were killed directly by soldiers, and 354 more (including Bogle and Gordon) were arrested and later executed, some without proper trials.
George William Gordon and Paul Bogle gave their lives for the betterment of the poor in Jamaica. In 1977 they were awarded the title of National Hero.
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CHILDREN CORNER ACTIVITIES
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Paul Bogle was born in Stony Gut, St. Thomas, a few miles north of Morant Bay. He was a deacon in the Native Baptist Church in Stony Gut, St. Thomas. He was well respected in his district, had great influence among his peers, and was considered to be a natural leader. He was an energetic man with a dominant personality and, although he had very little formal education, he was a successful small farmer. His faith in God led him to believe that, in some way, he was an instrument of God to be used for the betterment of the people. Bogle was among 106 inhabitants in the parish of St. Thomas who had the right to vote. He was the political agent for George William Gordon, to whom he had religious ties. He was also the leader of the movement for passive resistance to oppression and injustice in the parish of St. Thomas. When this approach failed, he later teamed with his brother, Moses, in leading an active resistance movement in St. Thomas that culminated in the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865.
Bogle’s Involvement in the Morant Bay Rebellion
The year 1865 was one of severe trials for the majority of the people of Jamaica as wages were extremely low and peasant farmers were unable to procure land for cultivation. Bogle was driven by the conditions of the majority of the people to protest against the poverty and injustice in the society. On the morning of August 12, 1865, Bogle walked 45 miles from Stony Gut to Spanish Town to present the grievances of the people of Morant Bay to the Governor, Edward Eyre, but was denied an audience.
Bogle started to hold secret meetings in the hills and drilled his followers to form a small army. Early in October 1865, two of Bogle’s followers were to be tried in Morant Bay. On October 7, Bogle and his group marched into Morant Bay and arrived at the courthouse where the trial of a peasant was in progress. The proceedings were disrupted by angry members of the crowd in the court room. The police tried to arrest a man who appeared to be the main offender and a fight broke out between them and Bogle’s men.
Three days later, a squad of policemen went to Stony Gut to arrest Bogle but were overpowered by some of Bogle’s men. Bogle and his committee sent a letter of appeal to the Governor, indicating that the warrant for his arrest was unlawful.
On their return to Morant Bay, the police reported the incident to the Custos who requested military aid from the Governor. The Custos decided to hold the regular meeting of the Vestry on October 11 and called out the militia.
On the day of the vestry meeting, Bogle started for Morant Bay with his followers. Some members of Bogle’s army broke into a police station and stole weapons, and then the crowd met outside the courthouse in Morant Bay.
There was an angry interchange between Bogle’s men and the militia. The Custos read the Riot Act and ordered the militia to fire on the crowd after an officer was injured in a stone-throwing incident.
The crowd killed members of the militia and forced others into the courthouse. A building behind the courthouse was set on fire and, as the flames spread to the main building, many people were killed including the Custos.
Bogle marched some of his men out of Morant Bay, leaving a garrison behind in control of the town. Martial Law was proclaimed and, by October 16, hundreds of people in St. Thomas were arrested, but Bogle could not be found. Bogle was caught by a party of Maroons and brought to Morant Bay for trial. He was hanged on October 24, 1865.
In 1965, a statue of Paul Bogle was erected in front of the Morant Bay courthouse and, in 1969, Paul Bogle was named a National Hero of Jamaica.
ACTIVITY
FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS COMPREHENSION TEST
Read the passage above and the sentences below, then unscramble the words and fill in the blanks with the correct answers.
yotsn — Paul Bogle was born in _______ Gut, St. Thomas.
cadoen — Paul Bogle was a _________ in the Native Baptist Church.
myra — Paul Bogle drilled his followers to form a small ________.
srooman — Paul Bogle was caught by a party of ____________and brought for trial.
atteus — In 1965, a ___________ of Bogle was erected in front of the Morant Bay Courthouse.
laatnion — In 1969, Paul Bogle was named a _________ Hero of Jamaica.
Correct answers: Stony, deacon, army, Maroons, statue, National.
THE LIFE AND WORK OF SIR ALEXANDER BUSTAMANTE, NATIONAL HERO OF JAMAICA
National Hero, the Right Excellent Sir Alexander Bustamante, was born on February 24, 1884 in Blenheim, Hanover. He was from a modest pen-keeping family and was christened William Alexander Clarke. His father, Robert Clarke, was Irish and his mother, Mary Clarke, was a Jamaican of mixed race.
THE LIFE AND WORK OF THE RT. EXCELLENT SAMUEL SHARPE, NATIONAL HERO OF JAMAICA
Samuel Sharpe was born enslaved, but his owner, after whom he was named, took a special liking to him and allowed him to learn to read and write. However, despite his luck, he considered it degrading to be owned by another human being.
THE LIFE AND WORK OF NATIONAL HEROINE NANNY
The Rt. Excellent Nanny came to Jamaica as an enslaved African along with her five brothers – Cudjoe, Accompong, Johnny, Cuffy and Quao. Scholars believe that Nanny and her brothers were from the Ashanti tribe of West Africa.
THE LIFE AND WORK OF NORMAN WASHINGTON MANLEY, NATIONAL HERO OF JAMAICA
The Right Excellent Norman Washington Manley M.M., Q.C., B.C.L., LLD (Hon.), National Hero of Jamaica, was born on July 4, 1893 in Roxborough, Manchester. He was the son of Thomas, (a produce dealer), and his wife, Margaret. His father died when he was six years old and the family moved to Belmont, in Guanaboa Vale.
